This non-proteinogenic amino acid is a constituent of muscle-carnosine (beta-alanine-l-histidine), however, myocarnosine content has been shown to be significantly increased through beta alanine supplementation alone(1). Carnosine, which supplemental beta alanine enhances the muscular concentration of, helps stabilize muscular pH levels by buffering the hydrogen ions produced through intense exercise. Intuitively, this stacks nicely with nitrates as they synergistically work through different modalities to achieve the same endurance effect.

In short, Beta Alanine helps to improve athletic performance and increase lean muscle mass.

1) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257613/

Betaine, or trimethylglycine, is an interesting compound found in beetroot juice as it serves as an osmolyte (protecting cells against dehydration), an antioxidant, and a methyl group donor serving to lower homocysteine levels. Human performance studies involving betaine found it increases power and force performance measures amongst trained individuals and was elucidated through these exercise protocols: bench press throw, bench press force, squat force, and vertical jump power(1). Another larger study concluded betaine aided in high intensity anaerobic training, allowing individuals to achieve more squat repetitions at 75% of their 1-RM with more repetitions achieved at =90% peak power(2).

1) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3844502/

2) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2915951/

Glycerine is an osmotic compound, much like the amino acids creatine and taurine, drawing and retaining water within muscle cells, hence volumizing them. More intramuscular water volume increases muscle size immediately, aids in mechanical advantage (lifting more weight), enhances hydration and helps prevent injury.

Taurine is a naturally occuring amino acid that benefits your brain, eyes, heart and muscles. Taurine helps to maintain hydration while regulating mineral/electrolyte balance and supporting nervous system functioning. Taurine also benefits the immune system and helps with digestion.

Obviously, caffeine is a widely used and highly efficient aerobic and anaerobic performance stimulant. Its effects are as highly acute and pronounced as they are vast. Caffeine aids in improving cognition and alertness, antagonizing adenosine receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterase (PDE), increasing epinephrine/norepinephrine/dopamine release, and enhancing intracellular sodium/potassium pump activity.